Skip to main content

Posts

Showing posts with the label Renewable

Just In

Serbia Advances Mišeluk Geothermal District Heating Project in Novi Sad

Serbia Advances Geothermal Drilling for the Mišeluk District Heating Plant in Novi Sad Serbia is moving forward with plans to develop a geothermal district heating system in Mišeluk, a rapidly urbanizing area of Novi Sad. The project is intended to place geothermal energy at the centre of a new low-carbon heating network, supported by solar power and natural gas backup. Exploratory drilling and construction of the heat distribution network are being carried out by JKP Novosadska toplana, Novi Sad’s public district heating utility. The initiative is supported through the United Nations Development Programme’s “Geothermal Energy in Serbia” programme, with financial backing from Slovakia.  The Mišeluk project is important not only because it could provide a new renewable heat source for Novi Sad, but also because it demonstrates how geothermal energy can be integrated into urban development from the earliest planning stages. Rather than retrofitting a geothermal system into an establi...

Košice Ignites Its Geothermal Future: A 30-Year Dream Becomes Reality”

Košice Turns Up the Heat: Geothermal Energy to Warm the City After 30 Years in Waiting By: Robert Buluma After three decades of anticipation, the city of Košice, Slovakia, is finally set to tap into one of the Earth’s cleanest and most sustainable energy sources geothermal heat. On Wednesday, drilling begins on the long-awaited project “Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the Košice Basin”, marking a major leap toward energy independence and carbon neutrality for Slovakia’s eastern metropolis. From the site of Svinica–Ďurkov, a new deep geothermal well will be drilled, expected to reach a temperature of 135°C and a flow rate of 55 liters per second. Two reinjection wells each plunging roughly 3,700 meters deep  will accompany the main production well, ensuring a closed-loop system that reuses and reheats the geothermal water beneath the Earth’s surface. The third and final well is expected to be completed by mid-2026. Turning Vision into Reality The geothermal heating project is be...

Romania’s Urban Regeneration Powered by Sustainable Energy: Is Geothermal the Hidden Force?

In the heart of Bucharest, Romania, a transformative urban regeneration initiative is underway , one that blends real estate innovation with a deeper commitment to sustainability.  By: Robert Buluma While the headlines highlight the rapid construction pace and job creation driven by over 1,000 workers on-site, the real story geothermal enthusiasts should ask is: Is geothermal energy playing a role in this sustainable vision? Urban Transformation with a Green Heart Vastint Romania’s project at Timpuri Noi Square is more than just another real estate development. It is a bold statement about the future of cities — combining modern architecture with ambitious sustainability targets. The development is pursuing LEED Platinum certification, one of the most stringent green building standards globally. That raises a vital question: can Bucharest’s geothermal potential be part of the strategy to reach such standards? Why Geothermal Energy Makes Sense for Bucharest Romania is part of a geol...

Eavor Technologies: Revolutionizing the Energy Landscape with Groundbreaking Geothermal Innovation

In a world increasingly focused on sustainable energy solutions,  Eavor Technologies has emerged as a trailblazer, redefining the geothermal energy sector with its revolutionary technology.  By:  Robert Buluma The Calgary-based company has developed a unique closed-loop geothermal system, aptly named the Eavor-Loop™, which promises to deliver clean, reliable, and scalable energy without the limitations of traditional geothermal methods. This innovation is not just a scientific breakthrough; it’s a financial and environmental game-changer that has captured the attention of investors, governments, and energy experts worldwide.   The Eavor-Loop™: A Geothermal Marvel   Traditional geothermal energy relies on finding naturally occurring reservoirs of hot water or steam underground, which limits its applicability to specific geographic regions. Eavor’s technology, however, eliminates this constraint by creating an artificial geothermal reservoir. The Eavor-...

Revolutionizing Renewable Energy: Texas Paves the Way for Closed-Loop Geothermal Innovation

Pioneering the Future of Geothermal Energy: Texas Leads the Way with Closed-Loop Systems By: Robert Buluma Vallourec's closed loop concept North of Houston, a transformative geothermal initiative is reshaping the energy sector. NOV, a key player in drilling and completions technology, has successfully completed an 11,500-foot closed-loop geothermal test well, marking a significant step forward in renewable energy development. This project highlights the growing potential of closed-loop geothermal (CLG) systems to redefine energy production. Ejen it comes to Geothermal,Innovation and Technology is key and we have seen alot of new findings lately. Unlocking New Possibilities in Geothermal Energy Unlike conventional geothermal systems that rely on naturally occurring underground water sources, CLG technology operates using a sealed system. A specialized heat transfer fluid circulates through a continuous loop, absorbing heat from deep underground rock formations and transporting it to...

Geothermal Master plan,A North Rhine Westphalia Germany Publication

Unleashing the Power of Earth's Heat: NRW's Masterplan Geothermal By: Robert Buluma In a groundbreaking move towards sustainable energy, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) unveils its ambitious "Masterplan Geothermie NRW." Spearheaded by the dynamic Wirtschafts- und Klimaschutzministerin Mona Neubaur, this plan promises to revolutionize the region's energy landscape, tapping into the immense potential of geothermal energy as a reliable and carbon-neutral heat source. Given that Geothermal energy has been approved as a vital way of meeting energy needs with policies being approved this blue print is a one way of making Geothermal work Geothermal energy, often overshadowed by its more visible counterparts like solar and wind power, holds remarkable promise in the quest for renewable energy solutions. By harnessing the Earth's natural heat stored beneath its surface, NRW aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and make significant strides towards achie...

Mondelez Taps Geothermal Energy For Sustainable Production

Harnessing the Earth's Warmth: Mondelez Ventures into Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Production By: Robert Buluma In a bid to embrace sustainable practices, global food giant Mondelez has set its sights on harnessing the Earth's natural warmth to power its production facilities. Located in the picturesque region of Bad Fallingbostel in the Heidekreis district of Germany, Mondelez's factory churns out an array of delectable treats ranging from cheese varieties to ketchup and mayonnaise. Now, with the recent green light from the State Office for Mining, Energy, and Geology (LBEG), Mondelez is poised to tap into the depths of the Earth for geothermal energy, marking a significant step towards reducing its carbon footprint. The concept is as innovative as it is environmentally conscious. By delving deep into the Earth's crust, Mondelez aims to access the virtually limitless reservoir of heat stored beneath the surface. Unlike traditional heating methods that rely on foss...

White Bark and Ceraphi Sign Head of Terms To Develop Australian Geothermal Energy

Unveiling the Future of Renewable Energy: Whitebark Energy and CeraPhi Energy Join Forces By: Robert Buluma A Ceraphi drilling rig , image source Ceraphi  In a groundbreaking move towards sustainable energy solutions, Whitebark Energy Limited has forged a strategic partnership with international Geothermal Developer CeraPhi Energy. This collaboration signals a significant step forward in Australia's energy transition, particularly in the realm of geothermal power. Whitebark's recent acquisition of an exploration license application for Geothermal Energy (EPG) in the Greater Brisbane and Gold Coast Region sets the stage for a pioneering endeavor. Covering approximately 589 square kilometers, this tenement holds immense potential for the generation and sale of geothermal power, positioning Whitebark as a key player in the region's renewable energy landscape. Central to this partnership is CeraPhi Energy's cutting-edge technology, the CeraPhiWell™. This revolutionary close...

KenGens Olkaria Green Park In Search For Strategic Investors

Exploring Investment Opportunities in Kenya's Green Energy Sector: A Guide to KenGen's Onboarding at Olkaria Green Park By: Robert Buluma Are you an investor looking to capitalize on the booming renewable energy market in Kenya? Look no further than KenGen's Greens Energy Park in Olkaria, Naivasha. With continuous onboarding opportunities for strategic investors, KenGen offers a prime location and a supportive environment for sustainable energy projects. Accessing the Opportunity Interested investors can access the submission forms and detailed information about the onboarding process on KenGen's official website, KenGen . Simply navigate to the "Information Center" tab and find the KenGen Green Park registration form. This form serves as the gateway to potentially lucrative investment opportunities in Kenya's renewable energy sector. Submission Requirements To be considered for investment at the KenGen Greens Energy Park, prospective investors must submit...

Slatina-3 Geothermal Exploration License Slated For a 6 Months Extension onths

Unveiling Croatia's Geothermal Future: Cindrigo's Quest for Sustainable Energy By :  Robert Buluma  00:45 Nairobi  In the heart of Croatia's picturesque landscapes lies a venture that promises to reshape the nation's energy future. Cindrigo Holdings, a beacon of renewable energy innovation, is on a mission to unlock the potential of geothermal power with its ambitious Slatina 3 project. Picture this: the rolling hills of Croatia's countryside, where lush greenery meets the horizon, now dotted with the telltale signs of progress. Amidst this serene backdrop, Cindrigo's subsidiary, Dravacel, is making waves in the renewable energy sector by seeking a six-month extension for its exploration license. This pivotal move, aimed at propelling the Slatina 3 project forward, signals a new era of sustainable energy development in Croatia. But why all the buzz? It's simple - geothermal power holds the key to a cleaner, greener future. With its abundance of natural heat ...

Idaho National Laboratory to Lease DOE land to Geothermal Private Developers

Idaho National Laboratory Opens Doors for Private Geothermal Energy Development: A Historic Opportunity By : Robert Buluma The Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a significant site identified under the U.S. Department of Energy's "Cleanup to Clean Energy" initiative, is making history by inviting private developers to lease 2,500 acres of its land for clean energy projects. This marks the first time in 75 years that the INL has opened its doors for private development, showcasing a pivotal shift towards leveraging federal lands for renewable energy generation. The initiative, spearheaded by the DOE and supported by President Biden's ambitious climate goals, aims to repurpose former nuclear sites into hubs for clean energy innovation. With INL's participation, this vision takes a significant step forward, offering a unique opportunity for private entities to contribute to the nation's clean energy transition. The INL's decision to release a Request for Propos...

Exploring Geothermal Energy, Hawaii's Renewable Energy Frontier

Exploring Geothermal Energy: Hawaii's Renewable Energy Frontier By :  Robert Buluma In a bold move towards achieving its goal of 100% renewable energy by 2045, Hawaii is venturing into the realm of geothermal energy. With abundant sunshine and wind being intermittent resources, the state is now turning its attention to tapping into geothermal sources to bolster its energy portfolio. The Hawaii State’s Energy Office, led by Chief Energy Officer Mark Glick, is spearheading this initiative. Glick emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential of geothermal energy, stating, "For me, it’s a real priority for this office to better understand how far we can go with geothermal." To kickstart this endeavor, $5 million from COVID federal relief funds have been allocated for conducting slim hole drilling to explore geothermal reservoirs. The focus of this exploration will initially be on Maui, with promising signs indicating the presence of viable geothermal sources along ...

Geothermal Energy Auction,ON Power Seeks Buyers for Sustainable Electricity

Green Energy Auction: ON Power Seeks Buyers for Sustainable Electricity By  Robert Buluma As the world's focus increasingly turns towards sustainable energy solutions, ON Power, a leading provider of clean electricity, is making waves with its latest initiative. With operations in the Hengill area and Burgarfjordur, ON Power is dedicated to providing sustainable energy solutions for their community needs and beyond. With the expiration of their current contract imminent, ON Power is actively seeking buyers for 150 MW of clean electricity generated from Geothermal and Hydropower plants. Through a European bidding platform, the company aims to secure buyers for the next 2-4 years. CEO Arni Hrannar emphasizes that transparency and fairness will be at the forefront of this process, ensuring that all stakeholders have equal opportunities to participate. "This initiative not only benefits the company but also contributes to a more energy-efficient future for all," states CEO Ar...

EDC To Supply Bohol With 50 MW of Clean Power From Geothermal

Embracing Sustainable Energy: EDC's Geothermal Power Supply to Bohol By  Robert Buluma In a significant stride towards sustainability, Bohol is set to experience a revolution in its energy landscape with the introduction of geothermal power supplied by Energy Development Corporation (EDC), a subsidiary of First Gen Corporation. This shift promises not just affordable electricity but also a greener future for the province and its residents. The decision to tap into geothermal energy stems from the commitment to reduce reliance on traditional fossil fuels like coal and diesel. With EDC's expertise in renewable energy, Bohol is poised to embrace a more environmentally friendly approach to power generation. Geothermal energy harnesses the natural heat from the Earth's core, providing a consistent and reliable source of power. Unlike coal or diesel, which are subject to fluctuating global market prices, geothermal energy offers stability in both production and cost. This stabili...

Subterra and Enercare Home Heating and Cooling Solutions

  Revolutionizing Home Heating and Cooling: Subterra and Enercare's Geothermal Solutions By : Robert Buluma In a world where environmental sustainability is becoming increasingly crucial, innovative solutions are emerging to tackle the challenges of climate change. One such solution is the collaboration between Subterra Renewables and Enercare to launch fully integrated geothermal heating and cooling solutions for residential homes in Canada. Addressing the Climate Crisis, One Home at a Time Homes and buildings are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in urban areas like Toronto, where they account for up to 60% of emissions. Recognizing this challenge, Subterra and Enercare have joined forces to accelerate building electrification with renewable energy sources such as geothermal. A Pioneering Alliance for Sustainable Living The partnership between Subterra and Enercare brings together expertise in geothermal drilling, exchange system installation, and...

Status of Geothermal In Poland

 Poland’s Geothermal Energy Revolution: A Promising Path to Diversification By  Robert Buluma In recent years, Poland has been navigating a significant transformation in its energy landscape. As the nation grapples with the imperative to reduce reliance on coal and combat climate change, a burgeoning interest in renewable energy sources has emerged. Among these sources, geothermal energy stands out as a promising avenue for diversification and sustainability. Embracing Renewables and Nuclear: Poland’s Energy Strategy Against the backdrop of Europe's energy crisis and geopolitical tensions, Poland has underscored the importance of diversifying its energy mix. While renewables and nuclear energy have emerged as key pillars of Poland’s energy strategy, recent developments suggest a growing recognition of the potential of geothermal energy.  Geothermal Progress in Poland Poland’s geothermal energy capacity has been steadily increasing, with the country currently boasting 129 ...

Icelands 5th Geothermal Conference Highlights

Unveiling the Future of Sustainable Energy: Highlights to the 5th Iceland Geothermal Conference (IGC2024) to be conducted in May In the heart of Reykjavík, Iceland, the 5th Iceland Geothermal Conference (IGC2024) to be convened, igniting discussions and collaborations aimed at reshaping our energy landscape towards a sustainable future. Hosted by the Iceland Renewable Energy Cluster, this conference will serve as a nexus for industry leaders, innovators, and visionaries to explore the boundless potential of geothermal energy in addressing global challenges such as climate change, energy security, and economic prosperity. Climate Resilience: One of the key themes to be echoed throughout the conference is the pivotal role of geothermal energy in enhancing climate resilience. Delegates will delve into how geothermal resources offer a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring a stable energy supply. By harnessing the earth's nat...

Manitoba Climate Action Team Vouches On Geothermal for Heating

Harnessing Geothermal Energy: A Sustainable Solution for Manitoba's Heating Needs In the heart of Canada's prairie province of Manitoba, a quiet revolution is brewing in the realm of energy sustainability. As concerns over climate change escalate and the need for eco-friendly alternatives intensifies, Manitoba's Climate Action Team (CAT) is leading the charge for a greener future by advocating for the widespread adoption of geothermal heating systems. The Case for Geothermal Energy At the forefront of this movement is the recognition that traditional heating methods, such as natural gas, are no longer viable in the face of a rapidly changing climate. With winters becoming harsher and energy demands soaring, Manitoba Hydro faces the challenge of meeting the province's heating needs sustainably. Enter geothermal energy – a renewable and carbon-free solution that harnesses the Earth's natural heat to provide warmth year-round. Unlike fossil fuels, geothermal energy emi...

Popular posts from this blog

Eavor Kleefeld II Permit Boosts Hannover Geothermal Expansion and Deep Heat Development

Eavor Secures Kleefeld II: A New Milestone for Hannover’s Deep Geothermal Ambitions Image: A Thematic image of The Eavor Project at Geretsried  Eavor’s new Kleefeld II permit marks an important step forward for deep geothermal development in Hannover, reinforcing the city’s position as one of Germany’s most closely watched urban heat-transition markets . The licence covers about 64.5 square kilometers, lasts for three years, and combines the former Buchholz and Kleefeld I exploration areas into a single, larger field that Eavor already controlled. The decision is more than an administrative update. It signals continued confidence in geothermal as a practical, scalable source of district heating in a dense metropolitan region. For Hannover, it also strengthens a project that has been building momentum for several years and could become a reference case for other European cities seeking cleaner, locally produced heat. A New Chapter For Hannover Kleefeld II sits in the northeast of...

XGS Energy IPO: Morgan Stanley, Geothermal Growth, and Fervo’s Market Momentum

XGS Energy Weighs IPO After Hiring Morgan Stanley, Chasing Fervo's Geothermal Momentum Geothermal developer XGS Energy has hired Morgan Stanley to evaluate an initial public offering, positioning itself as a potential second geothermal IPO of 2026 after Fervo Energy's blockbuster listing. The move underscores growing investor appetite for clean, firm power technologies as data-center demand and grid reliability concerns reshape the energy investment landscape. The Scoop: Morgan Stanley, IPO Timing, and Market Context In early July 2026, Axios Pro reported that XGS Energy engaged Morgan Stanley to assess a public listing, with company leadership potentially deciding within about a month whether to proceed. The timing is strategic: Fervo Energy's May 2026 IPO created a rare "open window" for geothermal equities, providing valuation benchmarks and investor education that earlier private rounds lacked. For investors, the narrative is straightforward. If Fervo proved t...

Arverne’s 70 Million Euro ORANE Financing Boosts Geothermal Growth and Lithium Expansion

Arverne Finalizes 70 Million Euro ORANE Issue, a Milestone for France’s Geothermal Future Image: A thematic picture of Arvene welcoming a team at their Lithium De France Operations Arverne’s successful completion of its 70 million euro ORANE financing marks more than a capital raise, it signals momentum for one of France’s most ambitious geothermal platforms. Backed by GEOGREEN , Bpifrance ,  ADEME Investissement   Crédit Mutuel Equity , and Eiffel Investment Group , the transaction reinforces confidence in Arverne’s integrated geothermal and geothermal lithium strategy, while giving the company fresh resources to accelerate its Dual Flow plan . A financing round with strategic weight The announcement, made on 24 July 2026, confirms that the ORANE issue was fully subscribed for a total of 70 million euros . For Arverne, this is not just a funding event, it is a validation of a business model built around the full geothermal value chain, from subsurface expertise and drilling...

85 Degrees Renewable Secures €200M Project Finance Framework to Expand Dutch Geothermal Heat Infrastructure

85 Degrees Renewable Secures €200M Project Finance Framework to Accelerate Dutch Geothermal Heat Infrastructure 85 Degrees Renewable has taken a major step in the financing of geothermal energy with a new project finance framework of up to €200 million backed by ING and Rabobank. The facility is designed to support the company’s next phase of development in the Netherlands, including the expansion of its Central Oostland geothermal heat network and the broader growth of its renewable heat infrastructure platform. The announcement is especially significant because it shows that geothermal heat is increasingly being treated as a mature infrastructure asset rather than an early-stage experimental technology. The deal also highlights how geothermal energy is becoming more central to the Dutch energy transition. In a country where greenhouse horticulture is a major economic sector and heat demand remains heavily dependent on natural gas, renewable heat solutions are gaining strategic import...

Geothermal EPC Companies: How Developers Choose the Right Contractor for Projects

Geothermal EPC Companies: How Developers Choose a Contractor Image: A Thematic image of a geothermal power plant  Geothermal developers choose EPC contractors by combining technical geothermal experience, financial strength, execution credibility, and the ability to manage field-specific risk. In recent awards, the strongest bidders have been those with proven geothermal references, repeat-delivery history, and the ability to package engineering, procurement, construction, and commissioning into one bankable offer . Why geothermal EPC is different Geothermal EPC is more complex than standard power plant construction because the contractor must build around a live underground resource. That means the project team has to deal with reservoir uncertainty, steam chemistry, scaling, corrosion, reinjection behavior, plant-field interfaces, and grid interconnection all at once . For developers, this turns EPC selection into a risk-management decision. The contractor is not just a builder; ...

Who Finances Next-Generation Geothermal Projects? Key Investors and Funding Trends

Who Is Financing the Next Generation of Geothermal Projects? Image : A thematic image of a geothermal power plant  The next generation of geothermal projects is being financed by a wide mix of venture capital firms, strategic corporate investors, commercial banks, institutional funds, and project finance lenders. The financing landscape is changing quickly because geothermal is moving from a niche clean-energy option into a serious infrastructure asset class with the potential to deliver reliable, 24/7 power at scale. Why geothermal finance is changing For years, geothermal struggled to attract large pools of capital because many projects were seen as technically risky, geographically limited, and difficult to scale. That perception is shifting as advanced geothermal technologies, especially enhanced geothermal systems, expand the number of places where geothermal can work. Investors now see a larger addressable market, stronger power demand, and better alignment with the needs of...

Furusato Neden and HEXA Energy Services Boost Japan Geothermal Investment Opportunities

Furusato Neden and HEXA Energy Services Sign Strategic Agreement to Accelerate Geothermal Investment in Japan Image: The deal is done Japan’s geothermal sector has taken an important step forward following the announcement that Furusato Neden Co., Ltd. and HEXA Energy Services GK have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to explore geothermal investment opportunities. The agreement, announced on 30 July 2026, signals growing confidence in geothermal energy as a long-term solution for Japan’s clean energy transition. The collaboration is especially significant because it brings together two complementary strengths. Furusato Neden contributes geothermal development and operational experience, while HEXA Energy Services adds expertise in renewable energy finance, project development, power purchase agreements, asset management, and electricity aggregation. Together, the two companies are positioning themselves to evaluate existing and future geothermal opportunities in Kumamoto Prefectu...

Geothermal Well Cost 2026: Country Benchmarks, Drilling Costs per Meter, Depth & Reservoir Risk, and Investment Insights

Geothermal Well Cost by Country (2026): Drivers, Benchmarks, and Investment Implications image: a thematic image of a geothermal field Geothermal drilling remains one of the most capital‑intensive steps in developing clean, dispatchable energy. In 2026 the headline fact is familiar: drilling costs vary sharply between countries and projects. But the deeper story is about why those costs vary, which factors are controllable, and how investors, developers, and policymakers should interpret country‑level benchmarks. This article explains the technical and commercial drivers behind geothermal well expense, surveys the cost landscape across major geothermal markets in 2026, illustrates the dynamics with project examples and recent performance data, and offers practical recommendations for modeling, financing, and policy design. Why geothermal wells are expensive Drilling a geothermal well is not simply “digging a hole.” It is a technically complex, multi‑phase process that combines explorat...

Best US States for Geothermal Investment in 2026: Top Markets, Growth Opportunities, and Investor Insights

Best US States for Geothermal Investment The best US states for geothermal investment are California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas, with Oregon, Idaho, Alaska, and Arizona also offering attractive upside depending on whether you want operating assets, early-stage development, or next-generation geothermal exposure. Geothermal is becoming a broader investment story than it was a few years ago. Stronger drilling methods, rising demand for firm clean power, and more state-level policy support are widening the field beyond the traditional western hot spots. Introduction For investors , geothermal is one of the few clean energy technologies that can deliver round-the-clock power with a relatively small land footprint. That reliability is a big advantage in a market where utilities, data centers, and industrial customers increasingly want clean electricity that behaves more like conventional baseload generation. The challenge is that geothermal is highly location-dependent. The qualit...

Philippines Geothermal Drilling: Rufino "Dong" Cotanda Jr. on PGPC, EDC, ThermaPrime, and the Future of Geothermal Energy

Alphaxioms Exclusive: Inside the Philippines' Geothermal Drilling Success Story , A Conversation with Rufino "Dong" Cotanda Jr. Image : Rufino "Dong" Cotanda Jr The Philippines is the world's third-largest producer of geothermal electricity, with more than 2 GW of installed capacity. Behind this achievement is decades of technical expertise, sustained government support, and some of the world's most experienced geothermal drilling professionals. One of those professionals is Rufino "Dong" Cotanda Jr., a drilling veteran with over 45 years of experience in both oil & gas and geothermal operations. Having worked with Saudi Aramco , Desco , Unocal, Chevron , and now the Philippine Geothermal Production Company (PGPC), Dong has helped shape drilling programs across multiple continents. In this exclusive interview with Alphaxioms, he discusses the evolution of geothermal drilling in the Philippines, the technologies improving well performance,...