Geothermal Colonialism or Global Partnership?

The Ethics of Foreign Investment in African Geothermal Resources

By: Robert Buluma

Beneath the surface of Africa lies a force powerful enough to revolutionize the continent's energy future: geothermal energy. With its promise of clean, sustainable, and reliable baseload power, geothermal is no longer just a hidden treasure it's a strategic resource. Yet, as the interest of foreign investors grows in the Rift Valley and beyond, so do the ethical questions. Are these investments empowering Africa or quietly replicating patterns of resource exploitation?

This article delves deep into the ethical implications of foreign investment in Africa's geothermal sector. We explore case studies across the continent, highlight emerging concerns, and present a framework for ensuring that Africa benefits from its geothermal riches without surrendering control or sovereignty.

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The African Geothermal Boom: A Global Attraction

Africa, particularly along the East African Rift System (EARS), is one of the most promising regions for geothermal development. Countries like Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Rwanda are already tapping into underground heat to produce electricity.

• Kenya leads the continent with over 900 MW installed geothermal capacity.
• Ethiopia has attracted large-scale investment from companies like Reykjavik Geothermal and Cluff Geothermal.
• Djibouti is partnering with international financiers to develop its Lake Assal geothermal field.

International interest in African geothermal stems from:

• Favorable geology (high heat gradients)
• Rising energy demand
• Supportive government policies
• Global shift toward decarbonization

But this rapid interest also raises critical questions: Who profits from these projects? Who controls the data? Who decides the future of geothermal energy in Africa?

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Kenya: The Crown Jewel or the Canary in the Mine?

Olkaria Geothermal Complex: A Case of Success and Concern

Olkaria Geothermal Power Plant

Olkaria, located in Kenya's Rift Valley, is one of the most advanced geothermal sites in Africa. Developed by KenGen with financing and technical assistance from Japan (JICA), France (AFD), and Germany (KfW), it has become a global model for geothermal development.

Pros:

• Massive expansion of renewable capacity
• Infrastructure development in Naivasha
• Thousands of local jobs

Cons:

• Indigenous Maasai communities were displaced
• Limited community ownership or equity
• Environmental concerns around Hell’s Gate National Park

While international financing has been instrumental, critics argue that power purchase agreements (PPAs) signed with foreign entities are often not favorable to Kenyan consumers. Moreover, technology and intellectual property remain in foreign hands, limiting local innovation.

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Ethiopia: Promise Undermined by Power Imbalances

Corbetti and Tulu Moye Projects

Tulumoye Geothermal Field

Two landmark projects—Corbetti Geothermal and Tulu Moye Geothermal—have received significant funding and technology from Western investors. Reykjavik Geothermal, an Icelandic firm, is involved in both.

Key Ethical Questions:

• How much local equity is in the projects?
• Are Ethiopians being trained to take over operations?
• Is the geothermal data publicly accessible?

Despite Ethiopia’s ambitious goal to become a renewable energy hub, foreign companies retain considerable control over key assets. There are also concerns about how the benefits are distributed within Ethiopia’s federal system.

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Djibouti: Sovereignty at Risk?

Djibouti is working with the African Development Bank (AfDB), the World Bank, and French development agencies to develop geothermal resources around Lake Assal.

Aerial view of Djibouti

While the partnerships have unlocked much-needed capital, some critics warn of growing dependency:

"If we don’t own the rigs, the expertise, or the data, we are simply hosting the revolution—not leading it."

In Djibouti's case, limited technical expertise means that foreign engineers and consultants dominate, and the path to energy sovereignty remains long and uncertain.

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The New Scramble for Clean Energy: Green Colonialism?

The term "Green Colonialism" refers to situations where foreign actors exploit natural resources in developing countries under the guise of clean energy, sustainability, or climate solutions.

In the geothermal context, this often looks like:

• Foreign ownership of licenses and permits
• Export of geothermal knowledge with little local retention
• Lack of meaningful consultation with local communities
• Technology transfer promises that go unfulfilled

This mirrors earlier colonial patterns—except now, it's about carbon credits, megawatts, and strategic minerals like lithium, which can be co-extracted from geothermal brines.

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What Ethical Investment Should Look Like

Not all foreign investment is problematic. Ethical and sustainable investment is both possible and necessary. But it must be anchored in fairness, transparency, and local empowerment.

Key Principles of Ethical Geothermal Investment

1. Technology Transfer: Foreign companies should partner with African institutions to build long-term local technical capacity.
2. Open Data Sharing: All geothermal data collected must be made publicly available to national geological bodies.
3. Community Benefit Sharing: Host communities should receive royalties, equity, or dividends—not just CSR handouts.
4. Environmental Protection: Projects must adhere to strict EIA protocols and preserve biodiversity.
5. Inclusive Governance: Decision-making should include local leaders, not just national officials or foreign advisors.

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What Africa Must Do to Protect Its Geothermal Future

African governments and stakeholders must not be passive participants. They should lead with vision, strategy, and assertiveness.

1. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks

• Ensure PPAs and concessions are fair, transparent, and publicly disclosed.
• Cap foreign equity unless paired with strong local participation.

2. Invest in Local Capacity

• Fund geothermal training at universities and vocational schools.
• Create geothermal innovation hubs (e.g., Alphaxioms Geothermal Research Labs).

3. Establish Sovereign Wealth Funds

• Channel geothermal profits into long-term investments in healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
• Prevent capital flight by negotiating better revenue-sharing terms.

4. Build African Consortiums

• Encourage regional geothermal alliances for collective bargaining with foreign firms.
• Pool technical and financial resources to develop geothermal independently.

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The Alphaxioms Vision: An Afrocentric Energy Future

At Alphaxioms, we believe that Africa's geothermal potential must serve African people first. That means:

• Leading research and development in geothermal innovation.
• Building African-owned drilling and exploration firms.
• Ensuring the geothermal sector reflects the dignity and sovereignty of the continent.

We welcome global partnerships—but not ones based on extraction, control, or dependency. The future we envision is collaborative, ethical, and Afrocentric.

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Partnership or Plunder?

Africa stands at an energy crossroads. The heat beneath our feet could light up schools, power industries, and fuel innovation for generations. But only if we get the partnerships right.

The choice is clear:

• Geothermal Colonialism, where Africa provides the resources while others reap the rewards.
• Or Global Partnership, where ethical investment powers shared prosperity, capacity building, and true energy sovereignty.

Related: Why Africa is the next Geothermal pot of Gold

The world is watching. The steam is rising. Now is the time to choose.

Africa must own the future 

"Geothermal Colonialism or Global Partnership?" "Geothermal Ethics Africa."

Source: Researched and written by Alphaxioms

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