Serbia Advances Geothermal Drilling for the Mišeluk District Heating Plant in Novi Sad Serbia is moving forward with plans to develop a geothermal district heating system in Mišeluk, a rapidly urbanizing area of Novi Sad. The project is intended to place geothermal energy at the centre of a new low-carbon heating network, supported by solar power and natural gas backup. Exploratory drilling and construction of the heat distribution network are being carried out by JKP Novosadska toplana, Novi Sad’s public district heating utility. The initiative is supported through the United Nations Development Programme’s “Geothermal Energy in Serbia” programme, with financial backing from Slovakia. The Mišeluk project is important not only because it could provide a new renewable heat source for Novi Sad, but also because it demonstrates how geothermal energy can be integrated into urban development from the earliest planning stages. Rather than retrofitting a geothermal system into an establi...
The Geothermal-AI Energy Revolution: How Superhot Rock Could Power the World’s Data Centers
By : Robert Buluma
The rapid rise of artificial intelligence is creating an unprecedented demand for electricity, pushing the world's data centers to their limits. To meet this 24/7 power requirement without derailing climate goals, the tech industry is turning to an unlikely source: the boundless heat beneath our feet. A new generation of "superhot rock" geothermal technologies is emerging as a potential solution, combining drilling innovations with the unrelenting computing power of AI itself.
⚡ The AI Energy Challenge: Why Solar and Wind Fall Short
The explosive growth of artificial intelligence is creating an unprecedented energy crunch. By 2030, AI infrastructure could consume between 210 and 1,540 TWh annually, equivalent to the entire electricity consumption of some major countries. Hyperscale data centers in the US alone are expected to demand 15-17 GW of new capacity, a massive chunk of global electricity use.
While solar and wind have been pivotal in the clean energy transition, their intermittent nature makes them less suitable for the constant, high-intensity requirements of AI. Data centers cannot afford downtime, creating a persistent gap that fossil fuels have historically filled at a significant carbon cost. Hyperscale data center and AI demands are surging, but they cannot run on intermittent renewables. This is where geothermal energy steps in.
🔥 The Technology: From Hot Springs to Superhot Rock
Traditional geothermal power has been limited to a handful of locations with naturally occurring hot water reservoirs near the surface. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) change that by artificially creating reservoirs where nature hasn't. Using techniques borrowed from the oil and gas industry, developers drill thousands of feet into hot, dry rock, fracture it through hydraulic stimulation, and circulate water to capture the heat. With drilling times now reduced to as little as 16 days per well, the economics are beginning to shift in its favor.
Superhot Rock geothermal takes this concept further by drilling to depths of 10-20 km, where temperatures exceed 400°C. At such extreme heat, water can enter a supercritical state, carrying vastly more energy. The gains are remarkable: SHR can deliver up to 10 times more power density, use 75% less water, and require 80% fewer wells than conventional geothermal approaches. Each well can potentially generate 30-50 MWe, enough to power tens of thousands of homes.
The greatest barrier to SHR has been conventional drilling technology. Standard mechanical bits fail under extreme heat and pressure, and replacement costs skyrocket. Quaise Energy, an MIT spinout, has pioneered a radical alternative: millimeter wave drilling. Using a powerful gyrotron device, the system vaporizes rock with high-frequency electromagnetic waves, eliminating physical contact and enabling access to superhot resources previously out of reach.
In 2025, Quaise achieved a major milestone, drilling 118 meters through solid granite, far surpassing the few-centimeter depths previously possible in laboratories. The drilling rate reached up to five meters per hour in hard rock, compared to commercial averages of just 0.1 meters per hour with conventional bits. The company has exceeded all expectations, with a target to complete a pilot power plant in the Western US as early as 2028, backed by industry partners including Nabors and Mitsubishi.
Not every next-generation geothermal company relies on fracturing. Eavor Technologies has developed the "Eavor-Loop," a closed-loop system that circulates fluid through a network of sealed underground pipes, functioning like a giant subsurface radiator. In December 2025, Eavor began supplying electricity to the grid from its 8.2 MW Geretsried facility in Germany, marking the first commercial deployment of closed-loop multilateral well technology. The project, backed by the EU Innovation Fund, can run for up to 100 years without requiring additional drilling, though critics note that closed-loop systems require extensive drilling to extract significant heat.
The system has several advantages: no fracking, no induced seismicity, no water loss, and remarkably, operation without pumps through a natural thermosiphon effect that requires no parasitic load.
AI for Geothermal Discovery
Ironically, the same AI driving energy demand is also helping find geothermal resources. Zanskar Geothermal uses machine learning models trained on geological, satellite, and fault-line data to identify "blind" geothermal systems that show no surface signs. In December 2025, the startup announced the discovery of the Big Blind system in western Nevada, the first commercially confirmed blind geothermal resource identified in the United States in over thirty years. The discovery was supported by a $115 million funding round. The ability to systematically locate hidden high-temperature resources at lower finding costs could dramatically accelerate geothermal deployment worldwide.
🏢 The Corporate Gold Rush: Who's Betting Big
The race to secure geothermal power for AI is well underway, with major tech companies leading the charge.
Google has emerged as a geothermal champion. In 2025, Nevada approved the Clean Transition Tariff, enabling Google to fund a 115 MW enhanced geothermal project from Fervo Energy for its Nevada data centers. More significantly, Google participated in Fervo's $462 million Series E funding round and confirmed the first phase of Fervo's 500 MW Cape Station project in Utah will be mechanically complete in 2026. The company aims to run its data centers and offices on 24/7 carbon-free energy by 2030.
Meta signed a 150 MW agreement with XGS Energy for a New Mexico project that will use water-independent geothermal technology, critical in the arid Southwest. The project, operational by 2030, represents the company's second major geothermal commitment, following an earlier 150 MW deal with Sage Geosystems.
Microsoft has partnered with G42 for a $1 billion green data center campus in Kenya's Olkaria region, running entirely on geothermal power in collaboration with KenGen. The Kenyan government has designated Olkaria a Special Economic Zone, offering tax relief and expedited approvals for geothermal-powered industries including data centers.
Perhaps the most ambitious single project is Controlled Thermal Resources' Hell's Kitchen development at California's Salton Sea. In partnership with Baker Hughes, CTR aims to deliver up to 500 MW of baseload geothermal power specifically for AI data centers, operating at capacity factors above 98%. The project includes the added benefit of extracting battery-grade lithium from geothermal brines, creating a dual-use facility.
Mazama Energy, having achieved the world's hottest EGS at Newberry Volcano with temperatures of 331°C, plans a 15 MW pilot in 2026, scaling to 200 MW at the same site. Backed by Khosla Ventures, the company aims to reach the SuperHot Rock regime above 400°C next year.
💰 The Economics: Making the Numbers Work
The economic case for geothermal-powered data centers is strengthening rapidly. A report by Project InnerSpace and Future Ventures found that enhanced geothermal can achieve a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) competitive with combined-cycle natural gas. With investment tax credits and policy support, EGS could reach approximately $50/MWh within 10-15 years, undercutting nearly all combined-cycle natural gas plants. Without tax credits, LCOE rises to $119/MWh, still significantly better than nuclear's $140/MWh.
Market data reflects growing confidence. AI data center geothermal power purchase prices have risen to $100/MWh as of early 2026, a 45% increase since 2024. A Rhodium Group analysis suggests that enhanced geothermal could supply nearly two-thirds of new US data center demand by 2030 at competitive prices. Conventional geothermal remains the most economic option among geothermal technologies with an average LCOE of $78/MWh.
⚠️ Challenges and Risks
Despite its promise, superhot rock geothermal faces significant hurdles.
Induced Seismicity: Fluid injection for EGS can trigger earthquakes by altering the stress state of existing faults. A 2006 project in Basel, Switzerland, was shut down after earthquakes measuring above magnitude 3. While careful control of injection pressure may minimize risks, eliminating them entirely is difficult, and managing public perception remains challenging.
Regulatory Barriers: Permitting geothermal projects on federal lands remains a complex process. While the Trump administration has consistently treated geothermal favorably relative to other clean energy technologies, maintaining this policy momentum will be crucial.
Technical Uncertainty: No commercial-scale SHR plant has yet been demonstrated. Drilling to 10-20 km depths, managing extreme temperatures, and proving long-term reservoir sustainability remain unproven at scale.
Upfront Capital Costs: While operating costs are low, drilling deep wells requires substantial upfront investment. The industry's viability depends heavily on continued access to investment tax credits.
🌏 Global Landscape
While the US dominates next-generation geothermal development, significant projects are emerging worldwide. Kenya's Rift Valley, one of the world's most promising geothermal regions, is attracting major investment. Germany's Geretsried project demonstrates closed-loop viability in a temperate climate. Japan, through its partnership with Quaise, is exploring deep geothermal drilling to reduce fossil fuel dependence. The global next-generation geothermal market is projected to grow from $8.3 billion in 2025 to $37.6 billion by 2034, reflecting rapidly accelerating commercial momentum.
🔭 The Path Forward
The convergence of AI-driven energy demand and geothermal innovation represents one of the most significant energy transitions of the coming decade. Several developments will determine the trajectory.
First, commercial validation: The 2026 startup of Fervo's Cape Station and Mazama's 15 MW pilot will provide critical real-world performance data. Second, drilling breakthroughs: Quaise's planned one-kilometer test and eventual commercial deployment will determine whether millimeter wave technology can achieve its transformative potential. Third, policy certainty: Maintaining investment tax credits and streamlining permitting processes for federal lands will be essential for scaling the industry. Fourth, tech giant commitments: Continued power purchase agreements from Google, Meta, Microsoft, and others will provide the revenue certainty needed to de-risk project financing.
If successful, geothermal could move from a niche renewable to a cornerstone of global clean energy infrastructure. One site at Newberry Volcano alone has been estimated to produce five gigawatts of energy, enough to power millions of homes. The energy within superhot rock accessible worldwide could theoretically meet global electricity demand many times over. For an AI industry racing to decarbonize, that's a resource too powerful to ignore.
See also: Iceland’s Geothermal Hydrogen
This in-depth analysis is brought to you by Alphaxioms, where we decode the technologies shaping our future. For more insights on energy, AI, and emerging tech, stay connected.
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