Geothermal Power in the Western United States: A Transmission and Planning Roadmap to 2030 Introduction The Western United States is approaching a decisive period for geothermal power. Electricity demand is rising because of data centers, industrial electrification, population growth, electric vehicles and the replacement of retiring fossil-fuel generation. At the same time, utilities are under growing pressure to add clean resources that can operate reliably when solar and wind output declines. Geothermal power is well positioned to fill this role. Unlike weather-dependent generation, geothermal plants can provide firm electricity for long periods, support grid reliability and reduce the amount of storage required in deeply decarbonized power systems. However, the industry’s expansion will depend on more than subsurface heat and drilling technology. By 2030, transmission access, resource planning, project finance, permitting and utility procurement will determine whether geothermal be...
Unlocking the Brussels Sandstone Member
How Integrated Reservoir Science Is Rewriting Geothermal Potential in Southwest Netherlands
Pull Quote
“The real issue was not the geology — it was that the geology was being interpreted through the wrong lens.”
For decades, the Netherlands was defined by one thing underground: natural gas.
The Groningen field didn’t just fuel an economy — it shaped it. But as production winds down due to seismicity concerns and policy reversal, a quiet shift is underway beneath the surface of Dutch energy planning.
The next chapter is not deeper gas.
It is heat.
And one of the most interesting candidates sits in an unlikely place: the Brussels Sandstone Member (BSM) — a shallow, heterogeneous Eocene reservoir in southwest Netherlands.
Not a high-enthalpy volcanic system. Not a turbine-spinning giant like Olkaria or Menengai. But in a country built on district heating, industrial heat demand, and greenhouse agriculture, even moderate-temperature geothermal systems can become structurally important.
A recent integrated subsurface study commissioned by Energie Beheer Nederland (EBN) has fundamentally reshaped how this formation is understood — and more importantly, how it might be developed.
The outcome is not just a better geological model.
It is a better investment case.
The Formation: What Exactly Is the Brussels Sandstone Member?
The Brussels Sandstone Member sits within the broader Eocene stratigraphy of the Maldegem-Stekene Basin (MSB) and its extensions into southwest Netherlands.
Deposited roughly 50 million years ago in shallow marine to tidal environments, it is not a clean, uniform sandstone body.
It is a geological mosaic.
- Alternating clean sand lenses
- Glauconite-rich intervals
- Strong lateral facies changes
- Vertical permeability variability
This is what makes it both promising and difficult.
The real opportunity lies in the thin, high-permeability streaks at the base of the reservoir — features that are often invisible to conventional interpretation methods, yet dominate actual fluid flow when properly intersected.
The central question has always been simple:
Can we see these streaks clearly enough to build a reliable development model?
Until recently, the answer was uncertain.
Why Earlier Models Underperformed
Previous assessments of the BSM suffered from three compounding interpretation problems.
1. Log Misinterpretation in the Glauconitic Zone
Standard well logs struggled to distinguish between:
- True clay content
- Glauconitic mineral signatures
The result was systematic misclassification.
Glauconite behaves like clay in logging tools but does not behave like clay in fluid flow.
So permeability was consistently underestimated.
2. Upscaling That Smoothed Away the Reservoir Physics
Core samples told one story.
Reservoir models told another.
The problem was scaling.
Conventional upscaling techniques assume geological uniformity that simply does not exist in the BSM.
The result:
- Thin permeable streaks were averaged out
- Flow capacity was artificially dampened
- Reservoir performance was underestimated
In short, the most important features were being mathematically erased.
3. Mismatched Well Architecture Assumptions
Earlier economic models assumed:
- Vertical wells, or
- Mildly deviated wells
But the BSM is not vertically cooperative.
It is strongly anisotropic — meaning:
- High horizontal permeability
- Limited vertical connectivity
So the well designs used in earlier models were not optimized for the reservoir physics.
That alone significantly distorted economic projections.
The Study: A Full Subsurface Reset
The EBN-commissioned study approached the problem differently.
Instead of refining one discipline at a time, it integrated:
- Geology
- Petrophysics
- Geophysics
- Reservoir engineering
All iterating together.
Not sequentially.
Continuously.
Data Reconciliation and Reinterpretation
The workflow began with a full re-evaluation of:
- Well logs (target and offset wells)
- Core datasets
- Seismic interpretations
- Historical reservoir models
Each dataset was not treated as authoritative on its own — but as part of a cross-validated system.
Solving the Glauconite Problem
A revised petrophysical workflow was introduced to separate:
- True clay signals
- Glauconite-induced artifacts
This required multi-log reconciliation:
- Gamma ray
- Resistivity
- Neutron-density
- Sonic data
The outcome was a much cleaner permeability distribution — one that restored reservoir quality in zones previously downgraded.
Preserving the Thin Streaks That Drive Flow
A new upscaling approach was implemented to avoid smoothing out critical heterogeneity.
Instead of averaging:
- Thin high-permeability streaks were preserved
- Grid resolution was recalibrated to flow behavior
- Core and well test data were used for validation
This step is subtle but decisive.
Because in reservoirs like the BSM, flow is controlled by what is thin, not what is thick.
A High-Resolution Static Reservoir Model
The final output was a 3D static reservoir model with:
- Improved facies resolution
- Better permeability contrast preservation
- More realistic anisotropy representation
- Surface-referenced development mapping
Importantly, capacity was mapped from a surface development perspective, not just subsurface volume.
This makes the results directly usable for:
- Plant siting
- Well planning
- Investment decision-making
Key Result: The Reservoir Is Better Than Expected
While exact figures remain commercially sensitive, the directional conclusion is clear:
The BSM has stronger geothermal potential than earlier models suggested.
Not because the geology changed.
But because the interpretation finally caught up with the geology.
Engineering Decisions Built Into the Model
Two practical assumptions significantly improved realism:
1. Strongly Deviated Wells
Rather than vertical or horizontal wells, the model favors:
- Strongly deviated trajectories
- Maximized reservoir contact
- Reduced drilling complexity
This matches the geometry of a shallow anisotropic system far better.
2. Corrosion-Resistant Well Design
Geothermal brines in this environment are chemically aggressive.
So the model assumes:
- Full corrosion-resistant completions
- Lifecycle-aware material selection
This is crucial.
Because many geothermal projects fail not at discovery — but at durability.
Why This Matters for the Netherlands
EBN’s role is critical here.
As a state participation company, it reduces early-stage risk and anchors private investment confidence in geothermal development.
This study does three important things:
1. Reduces uncertainty
Better models mean narrower risk ranges — and lower discount rates.
2. Improves investment clarity
Developers can now link subsurface performance directly to surface plant design.
3. Standardizes technical expectations
Well design assumptions are now grounded in reservoir physics, not generic templates.
The Alphaxioms Perspective: The Real Lesson
At Alphaxioms, we see this pattern repeatedly:
The bottleneck in geothermal development is rarely data availability.
It is data integration.
The BSM had:
- Wells
- Cores
- Seismic
- Historical studies
But it lacked a unified interpretation framework that preserved geological complexity without destroying it through oversimplification.
That is the real shift here:
From geological information
to investment-grade reservoir intelligence
Why This Matters Beyond Europe
This lesson is highly transferable.
In East Africa — particularly the Rift System — the resource base is strong, but many fields still suffer from:
- Fragmented datasets
- Non-integrated modeling
- Oversimplified reservoir assumptions
The BSM study demonstrates a higher standard:
- Multi-disciplinary integration
- Validated upscaling
- Flow-realistic modeling
- Investment-oriented output design
This is the kind of subsurface intelligence that unlocks financing — not just geology.
Looking Forward: A Pilot for European Shallow Geothermal
The Netherlands is positioning geothermal heat as a cornerstone of its low-carbon heating strategy.
District heating networks in cities like Rotterdam, The Hague, and Amsterdam are expanding rapidly.
The BSM could become one of the enabling reservoirs behind that transition.
The next phase will focus on:
- Dynamic reservoir modeling
- Injection strategy optimization
- Thermal breakthrough prediction
- Long-term heat yield analysis
The static model developed here is the foundation for all of it.
Final Takeaway
The Brussels Sandstone Member is not a headline-making superhot system.
It does not need to be.
Its value lies in something more subtle:
A moderate-temperature reservoir, correctly understood, correctly modeled, and correctly engineered — can become a serious energy asset in a heat-driven economy.
And that is the real shift happening in the Netherlands:
Not a discovery of new geology.
But a correction of old interpretation.
See also: BRIN and Geo Dipa Advance Modular Geothermal Wellhead Power
Alphaxioms Geothermal Insights tracks global geothermal developments with a focus on subsurface intelligence, investment readiness, and East African geothermal systems.
Source:Research Gate
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