Croatia Signs Grant Agreement to Drill Four Geothermal Wells for Urban Heating Croatia has approved a major new investment to expand the use of geothermal energy for district heating in four cities. Velika Gorica, Osijek, Vinkovci, and Zaprešić are set to receive an additional EUR 35.3 million for geothermal development, including the drilling of four new wells that could support urban heating systems by 2030. The funding marks the second phase of a broader geothermal program designed to convert Croatia’s underground heat resources into reliable, domestic energy for homes, public buildings, businesses, agriculture, and industry. Across the two phases, the total investment in the four locations is expected to reach approximately EUR 86 million. The project is significant because it moves Croatia’s geothermal strategy beyond exploration. The country is now preparing the infrastructure needed to create production-and-injection well pairs, establish closed geothermal systems, an...
Vulcan Energy's Lionheart Project: A Groundbreaking Milestone in Sustainable Lithium Production for Europe
In a major development for Europe's push toward energy independence and green technology, Vulcan Energy Resources has secured its first lithium production permit for the flagship Lionheart Project. Announced recently, this license represents the first of its kind in Germany's Upper Rhine Valley Brine Field and specifically in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The permit paves the way for commercial lithium extraction integrated with renewable geothermal energy, marking a pivotal step in building a domestic, low-carbon supply chain for critical raw materials.
This achievement comes as the Lionheart Project is already fully funded and under active construction, following a substantial financing package and multiple prior regulatory approvals. With commercial production targeted for 2028, Vulcan Energy is positioning itself as a leader in sustainable lithium production, directly addressing Europe's heavy reliance on imported lithium for electric vehicle (EV) batteries and renewable energy storage.
The Lionheart Project: An Integrated Vision for Lithium and Renewables
The Lionheart Project, located in the geologically rich Upper Rhine Valley (also known as the Upper Rhine Graben), combines lithium extraction from geothermal brines with the co-production of renewable energy. This innovative approach leverages naturally hot, lithium-bearing brine from deep underground reservoirs—typically at depths where temperatures exceed 100-200°C—without the need for traditional hard-rock mining or evaporation ponds that dominate global lithium supply.
Key project specifications include:
- Annual production capacity of 24,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LHM), a high-purity form ideal for battery manufacturing.
- This output is sufficient to supply lithium for approximately 500,000 electric vehicle batteries per year.
- Co-production of 275 GWh of renewable power and 560 GWh of renewable heat annually, which will be supplied to local consumers for electricity and district heating.
The project is designed for a minimum 30-year lifespan, emphasizing long-term sustainability and regional energy security. The extracted brine, after lithium removal, is reinjected into the reservoir in a closed-loop system, minimizing environmental impact and ensuring resource longevity.
Vulcan's process uses proven technologies adapted for this unique application, including direct lithium extraction (DLE) methods like their proprietary VULSORB sorbent. This results in a near-zero carbon footprint for lithium production—often described as carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative when factoring in the renewable energy co-product—contrasting sharply with conventional lithium mining, which can emit significant CO2 and consume vast amounts of water.
Background on Vulcan Energy Resources
Vulcan Energy Resources (ASX: VUL, FSE: VUL) is an Australian-listed company with strong European operations, focused on becoming the world's first integrated sustainable lithium and renewable energy business. Founded to exploit the geothermal lithium potential in the Upper Rhine Valley Brine Field—one of Europe's largest known lithium resources—the company has grown rapidly since its early days.
The Upper Rhine Valley Brine Field holds massive potential, with Vulcan's resources estimated at millions of tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). The Lionheart Project targets a core portion of this field, particularly around areas like Landau and Insheim, where geothermal brines are abundant.
Under the leadership of Managing Director and CEO Cris Moreno, who brings over 20 years of experience in delivering major energy and resource projects globally, Vulcan has navigated complex regulatory landscapes and secured strategic partnerships. Moreno's recent comments highlight the significance: "Securing the first lithium production licence within the Lionheart Project marks another important milestone, and we thank the Mining Authority in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate for their excellent and timely collaboration during this process."
He added, "We are another step closer to delivering Europe's first fully domestic lithium supply chain, powered by geothermal energy co-production, an important step forwards for critical raw materials resilience in Germany and Europe."
The Significance of the Production Permit
The newly issued permit, designated for lithium production (referred to in some contexts as LiThermEx), is initially valid for six years. Vulcan plans to seek extensions to align with the full 30-year project life outlined in its Field Development Plan. This approval is a critical de-risking event, as it greenlights commercial operations following years of exploration, pilot testing, and permitting for upstream facilities.
Prior milestones have included:
- Building permits for the lithium extraction plant and geothermal facilities.
- Contracts for key infrastructure, such as a 32 MWe geothermal power plant awarded to Turboden and partners.
- A landmark €2.2 billion financing package secured in late 2025, enabling the Final Investment Decision (FID) and full funding for Phase One construction.
- Successful production testing from new wells in early 2026, confirming strong brine flow and lithium concentrations.
The permit's issuance has already positively impacted market sentiment, with Vulcan's shares rising on the news as investors recognize progress toward 2028 production start.
Broader Implications for Europe and the Global Energy Transition
Europe faces a lithium supply crunch as EV adoption accelerates and battery manufacturing expands. Currently, the continent imports nearly all its battery-grade lithium, primarily from Australia, Chile, and China. Dependence on these sources exposes supply chains to geopolitical risks, price volatility, and environmental concerns associated with traditional extraction.
Vulcan's Lionheart Project addresses these challenges head-on by offering:
- Domestic supply: Reducing import reliance and enhancing strategic resilience under the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act.
-Sustainability: Geothermal-powered production with minimal land use, no open-pit mining, and integrated renewable energy output.
- Economic benefits: Job creation in construction and operations, plus local energy supply for communities in Rhineland-Palatinate.
The project's scale—enough lithium for half a million EVs annually—could make a meaningful dent in Europe's needs. Partnerships with major players like LG Energy Solution, Umicore, and Stellantis underscore commercial demand, with offtake agreements in place for the produced LHM.
Geothermally, the Upper Rhine Valley is ideal due to its rift zone geology, providing high heat flow and permeable reservoirs. By co-producing power and heat, Vulcan contributes to Germany's Energiewende (energy transition) goals, supplying baseload renewable energy that complements intermittent sources like wind and solar.
Challenges and Future Outlook
While promising, the project isn't without hurdles. Geothermal and DLE technologies, though proven in pilots, require precise execution at commercial scale. Regulatory extensions beyond the initial six years will be key, as will ongoing community engagement and environmental monitoring.
Vulcan has emphasized transparency, with operations designed to meet stringent EU standards. Early well tests in 2026 have been encouraging, showing robust brine productivity.
Looking ahead, successful ramp-up in 2028 could catalyze further phases across Vulcan's portfolio in the Upper Rhine Valley and potentially other regions. The company aims to scale production significantly, potentially making Europe a net exporter of sustainable lithium in the long term.
Conclusion: A Model for the Future
Vulcan Energy's latest permit for the Lionheart Project is more than a regulatory win—it's a beacon for integrated resource development in the energy transition era. By fusing geothermal energy with lithium extraction, Vulcan demonstrates how natural resources can be harnessed sustainably to support electrification, decarbonization, and economic growth.
As Europe races to secure critical materials for a net-zero future, projects like Lionheart highlight the potential of innovative, low-impact solutions. With construction underway and production on the horizon, Vulcan Energy is not just extracting lithium—it's building a foundation for resilient, green supply chains that benefit the continent for decades to come.
Source: Vulcan Energy
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