Ijen’s Blind Geothermal System vs. Zanskar’s AI-Discovered Resources: Two Models for Finding Hidden Heat The geothermal industry is entering a new phase in which the most valuable resources may no longer be the fields marked by obvious hot springs, geysers, fumaroles, or steaming ground. Increasingly, developers are targeting “blind” or hidden geothermal systems,reservoirs that lack clear surface expressions but can still contain the temperature, permeability, and fluid needed for commercial power generation. Two examples illustrate how different parts of the industry are approaching this challenge. In Indonesia, the Blawan-Ijen geothermal field in East Java was developed through geological interpretation, magnetotelluric imaging, conceptual modelling, and drilling. The project is now operating commercially, with its first phase delivering approximately 35 MW to the Java grid under a 30-year power purchase agreement. In the United States, Zanskar Geothermal & Minerals is using...
Vermont’s Neighborhood Geothermal Breakthrough Could Redefine Clean Housing
In the quiet town of Hinesburg, Vermont, a modest housing development is preparing to do something profoundly disruptive. It isn’t a megaproject. It doesn’t boast gigawatts of capacity or billion-dollar budgets. Yet what is about to break ground could quietly reshape how entire communities heat and cool their homes—not just in the United States, but globally.
At the center of this transformation is a neighborhood-scale geothermal system, a concept that is steadily evolving from niche innovation into a cornerstone of decarbonized living. The Riggs Meadow development, spearheaded by Champlain Housing Trust in partnership with Evernorth and Vermont Gas Systems, represents a turning point in how clean energy integrates with affordable housing.
This is not just a project. It is a signal.
A Quiet Revolution Beneath the Surface
Unlike solar panels or wind turbines, geothermal systems operate largely out of sight. But their impact is anything but invisible.
The Riggs Meadow project will rely on a network of vertical boreholes—between 12 and 16—drilled approximately 120 meters into the earth. At these depths, temperatures remain remarkably stable year-round, hovering between 7°C and 10°C. This constant thermal reservoir is the foundation of geothermal energy’s appeal.
Through a closed-loop system, fluid circulates underground, absorbing heat during winter and releasing excess heat during summer. Paired with electric heat pumps, this system allows buildings to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures with minimal energy input and zero on-site emissions.
The elegance lies in its simplicity: no combustion, no fuel deliveries, no volatile price fluctuations.
Just the steady thermal heartbeat of the Earth.
From Individual Systems to Shared Energy Networks
What makes the Vermont project particularly noteworthy is its scale—not too large, not too small, but just enough to demonstrate replication potential.
Historically, geothermal systems have been deployed at the building level. A single home installs its own ground loop, bearing the full cost and responsibility. While effective, this approach limits widespread adoption due to high upfront expenses.
Neighborhood-scale geothermal flips that model.
Instead of each building installing its own system, multiple units share a common underground infrastructure. In Riggs Meadow, 36 housing units will be connected through geothermal loops, while additional units will rely on air-source heat pumps.
This shared approach distributes costs, increases efficiency, and opens the door for utilities to play a central role—something that could fundamentally reshape the energy business model.
Utilities at a Crossroads
For decades, utilities like Vermont Gas Systems have relied on fossil fuels to deliver heat. But as climate policies tighten and electrification accelerates, their traditional business model faces an existential challenge.
Geothermal offers a lifeline.
Instead of selling gas, utilities can transition into providers of thermal energy services. In the Vermont project, Vermont Gas will own and maintain the underground infrastructure, while residents pay a modest monthly “geothermal access fee.”
This model mirrors how utilities already operate—investing in long-term infrastructure and recovering costs over time—making geothermal a natural extension of their expertise.
It’s not just adaptation. It’s evolution.
The Economics of Simplicity
One of the most striking aspects of the Riggs Meadow project is its deliberate shift toward simplicity.
The original vision was a fully integrated geothermal network, capable of redistributing heat between buildings with varying needs. For example, excess heat from one structure could be redirected to another requiring warmth.
While technologically impressive, such systems are complex and costly.
Faced with funding uncertainties—particularly after federal grants were frozen—the project team made a strategic pivot. Instead of a centralized network, they opted for four separate geothermal loops, each serving a cluster of buildings.
This decision reduced costs, simplified design, and accelerated implementation.
Sometimes, innovation is not about adding complexity—but removing it.
Affordable Housing Meets Clean Energy
The intersection of geothermal energy and affordable housing is where this project truly shines.
Energy costs disproportionately affect low-income households. Heating bills, in particular, can consume a significant portion of monthly income, especially in colder climates like Vermont.
By integrating geothermal systems into affordable housing developments, organizations like Champlain Housing Trust are addressing two challenges simultaneously:
- Reducing carbon emissions
- Lowering long-term energy costs for residents
This dual impact is powerful.
Residents benefit from stable, predictable energy expenses, while developers gain a sustainable model that aligns with climate goals. Over time, these savings can be substantial, making geothermal not just an environmental solution, but a social one.
Learning by Doing
Despite its promise, neighborhood-scale geothermal is still in its early stages. There are no universal templates, no standardized playbooks.
That’s why projects like Riggs Meadow are so critical.
As Vermont Gas leadership has noted, profitability is not the immediate goal. Instead, the focus is on learning—understanding system performance, cost structures, and operational challenges.
Each borehole drilled, each pipe laid, each heat pump installed contributes to a growing body of knowledge that will inform future deployments.
This is how industries are built—not through theory, but through iteration.
A Broader Movement Takes Shape
The Vermont project does not exist in isolation. Across the United States, similar initiatives are gaining momentum.
In Massachusetts, utility companies have launched geothermal networks serving hundreds of buildings, with plans for expansion. In Connecticut, large-scale systems are being developed to support public housing and infrastructure.
These projects share a common goal: decarbonizing buildings, which account for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions.
Heating, in particular, remains one of the most stubborn challenges in the energy transition. Unlike electricity generation, which can be centralized and scaled, heating is deeply distributed, embedded in millions of individual structures.
Geothermal offers a rare solution—one that is both local and scalable.
The Policy Puzzle
No discussion of clean energy deployment is complete without addressing policy.
The Riggs Meadow project highlights both the opportunities and vulnerabilities inherent in current policy frameworks. Federal grants initially supported feasibility studies and design work, but the freezing of funds forced the project team to rethink their approach.
This underscores a critical reality: while policy can accelerate innovation, inconsistency can hinder it.
Stable, long-term support is essential for emerging technologies like geothermal. Incentives, tax credits, and regulatory frameworks must align to reduce risk and attract investment.
Without this alignment, even the most promising projects can stall.
Replication: The Ultimate Test
The true success of the Vermont project will not be measured by its performance alone, but by its ability to be replicated.
Can this model be applied in other towns? Other states? Other countries?
The answer appears to be yes.
Neighborhood-scale geothermal systems are particularly well-suited to new developments, where infrastructure can be integrated from the outset. They also hold potential for retrofitting existing communities, though this presents additional challenges.
As housing demand grows and climate targets tighten, the need for scalable solutions becomes increasingly urgent.
Geothermal could be one of them.
A Global Perspective
While this project is unfolding in Vermont, its implications extend far beyond U.S. borders.
Countries around the world are grappling with similar challenges:
- Rising energy demand
- Aging infrastructure
- Climate commitments
- Housing shortages
In regions like Europe, where district heating systems are already common, geothermal could enhance existing networks. In developing nations, it could provide a pathway to leapfrog fossil fuel dependency.
Even in places like Kenya—where geothermal energy is already a cornerstone of electricity generation—there is untapped potential in direct-use applications, including residential heating and cooling.
The principles remain the same. Only the context changes.
The Human Element
Behind every infrastructure project are the people who envision, design, and implement it.
The Riggs Meadow development owes its origins to a simple yet powerful act: a land donation by Jan Blomstrann, who stipulated that the site be used for renewable energy-based housing.
This decision set the entire project in motion.
It is a reminder that transformation often begins with individual choices—choices that ripple outward, shaping communities and industries.
Challenges on the Horizon
Despite its promise, geothermal is not without challenges.
Upfront costs remain a significant barrier, even with shared systems. Drilling, in particular, can be expensive and subject to geological uncertainties.
There is also a need for skilled labor, specialized equipment, and public awareness. Many consumers are still unfamiliar with geothermal technology, and misconceptions can slow adoption.
Moreover, integrating geothermal into existing regulatory frameworks can be complex, especially for utilities transitioning from fossil fuels.
These challenges are real—but not insurmountable.
The Road Ahead
As the Riggs Meadow project prepares to break ground, it carries with it a sense of cautious optimism.
If successful, it will demonstrate that geothermal can be:
- Affordable
- Scalable
- Practical
- Beneficial for both utilities and residents
It will also provide a template—a starting point for other communities looking to embrace clean energy without compromising affordability.
In many ways, this is what the energy transition needs most: not just bold ideas, but workable solutions.
Conclusion: Small Project, Big Implications
At first glance, a 36-unit housing development in a small Vermont town may not seem like a global game-changer.
But history often tells a different story.
Transformative shifts rarely begin with grand gestures. More often, they start quietly—in pilot projects, in local initiatives, in experiments that test the boundaries of what is possible.
The Riggs Meadow geothermal project is one such experiment.
It challenges conventional thinking about energy, housing, and infrastructure. It redefines the role of utilities. It bridges the gap between sustainability and affordability.
And perhaps most importantly, it proves that the future of energy does not have to be distant or abstract.
Sometimes, it begins right beneath our feet.
Sources: Canary media, The Energy Mix
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